This brief summarizes some of the significant constraints women in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) face: limited labor market mobility, a mismatch between skills acquired in school and what is in demand...
This report reviews the status of Mashreq countries' economic integration with the world, with the Arab world, and within the Mashreq sub-region itself. It examines the drivers of progress to date and...
This report reviews the status of Maghreb countries' economic integration with the world, with the Arab world, and within the Maghreb itself. It focuses on trade in goods and services, labor and capital...
To implement their economic reform programs and develop the private sector, it is critically important for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to have efficient, low-cost, and flexible transportation...
The dramatic events that have focussed the attention of the world on Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the past few years have been settling into a less spectacular, but immensely complex, process of...
There are potential gains in terms of lowering political, economic, administrative and time costs from fostering privatization in Eastern Europe via forms of minority employee ownership. This seems to...
As of January 1991, the member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) converted their trade to trade denominated convertible currency at world market prices (called the switch-over)...
Information is an essential production factor, particularly in modernizing agriculture. Farmers need and want information to improve their farming. Farmers only need and want extension to the extent that...
This paper attempts to gauge the potential impact of full price liberalization on the general price level and future open inflation. First, the available evidence is evaluated to assess the degree of repressed...
This paper describes how Turkey is coping with the so-called internal transfer problem. A successful positive net external debt transfer in countries where most of the external debt is public, presupposes...
This paper reviews the theory of the foreign exchange risk at a micro and macro level and discusses the coverage systems adopted in the 1980s by Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria to deal with it. The paper...
This paper uses a simple general equilibrium model to analyze the sectoral impact on prices, production and profits of the reform package put in place by the Polish authorities in January 1990. The model...
This paper reviews the role that multilateral clearing and payments arrangements can play in promoting the integration of countries of Eastern Europe in the multilateral economy, in the aftermath of the...
This study was carried out in response to recent renewed interest in the Bank role of the construction sector in development, and the recognition of the need for more coordinated efforts to address the...
This paper reviews the issues faced in introducing market forces in Eastern European socialist economies. It centers the analysis on the problems created for the functioning of markets in the absence of...
The purpose of this paper is to present the development since 1980 of the financial markets in Turkey, especially the stock exchange, in a broader economic context. After a review of the macroeconomic...
Typically markets in centrally planned economies are characterized by a complicated maze of interrelated and offsetting subsidies, price controls and implicit taxes. This paper develops and empirically...
In this paper the author develops a differentiated product model in which consumers and firms optimize, subject to rationing constraints and price controls, the existence of permanent excess demand at...
This paper addresses the extent in which the systemic problems in Poland have influenced the level of economic efficiency of industrial activities. It also looks at how economic efficiency has changed...
This paper describes how Turkey is coping with the so-called internal transfer problem. A successful positive net external debt transfer in countries where most of the external debt is public, presupposes...