Refugees face important barriers to participation in the formal market, which locks them in informal employment and makes them more vulnerable to shocks. Using data from Jordan, this paper compares the...
Innovations to date in detecting women’s employment have focused primarily on improving individual-level questions. This paper explores an alternative approach, using data on household enterprises and...
Formalizing firms can potentially increase the tax base, expand safety and social protections for workers, create good jobs, and grow the economy. However, the costs and processes of formality may be too...
The Egyptian economy has undergone significant changes in the 1990s brought about in part by the implementation of an ambitious economic reform and structural adjustment program, initiated in 1991 as well...
Public sector downsizing: an introduction, by Martin Rama. Cross-country evidence on public sector retrenchment, by John Haltiwanger and Manisha Singh. The efficient mechanism for downsizing the public...
Severance pay programs can reduce political opposition and minimize the social costs of labor redundancies. In Egypt, only voluntary programs are feasible because legal limitations preclude layoffs and...
This article examines the combined impact of the employment guarantee for graduates and public sector compensation policies on the Egyptian labor market. Besides contributing to an unsustainable rate of...