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Strengthening public safety nets from the bottom up : Memperkuat jaring pengaman sosial dari bawah ke atas (Индонезийский (малайский))

Public safety nets in developing countries address the vulnerability of the poor and the near-poor to income disruption, but such formal programs do not operate in a vacuum. Private and informal mechanisms may already exist. The design of public interventions requires a clear understanding of what mechanisms are already available and how (and to what extent) individuals and households use them to cope with income fluctuations. This note surveys some...
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