This paper examines the redistributive impact of fiscal policy—specifically taxes and transfers—on poverty and inequality in eight countries in the Middle East and North Africa: the Arab Republic of Egypt...
The Middle East and North Africa faces significant climate challenges, such as increasing temperatures, heightened flood risks, frequent droughts, and growing air pollution issues. These challenges are...
In this brief the authors combine granular climate data on flooding, drought and extreme heat, and district level food insecurity data and conflict data, to produce district level estimates of the number...
Air pollution is a major environmental and public health challenge that affects millions of people around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution causes more than seven...
Even as human beings are living longer and generally healthier lives, consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and processed foods with high sugar content are causing substantial death and disease. In recent decades...
Racism and discrimination remain critical barriers to social inclusion and equity with detrimental effects for individuals, societies, and economies. Persistent discrimination and exclusion of marginalized...
Middle-income countries host the majority of the world’s population exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution, and the majority of this population lives in urban environments. This study investigates...
Tobacco taxes have positive impacts on health outcomes. However, policy makers often hesitate to use them because of the perception that poorer households are affected disproportionally more than richer...
Despite the well-known positive impact of tobacco taxes on health outcomes, policy makers hesitate to use them because of their possible regressive effect, that is, poorer deciles are proportionally more...
Tobacco taxes are often considered regressive because the share of household budgets allocated to tobacco products is larger among low-income households than among high-income households. This paper shows...
The study estimates the tobacco price elasticity of demand for the population of Moldova, and the price elasticity for 10 income groups is obtained. This appears to be the first tobacco price elasticity...
Tobacco taxes are usually considered regressive as the poorest individuals allocate larger shares of their budget towards the purchase of tobacco related products. However, because these taxes also discourage...
Although weather shocks are a major source of income fluctuation, most of the world's poor lack insurance coverage against them. Absence of formal insurance contributes to poverty traps, as investment...
