This study focuses on the link between teachers' 'time-on-task' (TOT) and the nature of tasks in classrooms. This study, carried out with concurrence from Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), is built upon the independent study commissioned by MHRD to explore teacher attendance rates in schools.
... Подробнее + This study ventures beyond the quantitative dimensions of teacher attendance (physical presence) to look at the 'time-on-task' (TOT) and nature of tasks, that is, the quantity and quality of teacher presence and interaction. Most specifically, it will provide insight into the work environment of teachers who are the key to service delivery and suggest implications for both policy and program interventions to empower teachers and introduce more accountability into the system. The McKinsey and Company study (Barber & Mourshed, 2007) identified three things that matter most: (1) getting the right people to become teachers; (2) developing them into effective instructors; and (3) ensuring that the system is able to deliver the best possible instruction for every child. In the present study, the attempt is to see whether the teachers are 'effective instructors' and the system is delivering the best to its children. The study aims to find out the factors that facilitate improved quality of instructional time on the one hand, and what it means to the whole process of improving learning levels on the other. In addition, there is an effort to understand the characteristics of various enabling inputs
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 86001 FEB 01, 2014
A nation's utilization and creation of knowledge endeavors are globally acknowledged as the driving forces for economic development and competitiveness.
... Подробнее + Public and private investments in institutions of higher education and research require strengthening in tandem with the development of a regulatory environment that supports national and institutional growth. In recognition of these issues, the Government of Bangladesh's first Higher Education Strategic Plan (2006-2026) proposed a long-term development plan for the higher education sector, recommending that the plan will need to be cognizant of both universities and the Bangladesh National University-affiliated colleges where the majority of post-secondary graduates are enrolled. This study addresses challenges faced by a major part of the higher education sector in Bangladesh - the colleges. The objectives of the study are to: a) review and analyze the college education system of Bangladesh and b) identify policy options which will guide the government as it prepares a long-term strategy to improve the quality and relevance of higher education. This report is divided into the four key areas ripe for reform: a) access and equity, b) quality and relevance, c) financing, and d) governance.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 84428 JAN 01, 2014
Nagashima, Yoko; Rahman, Mokhlesur; Rashed, Syed; Josh, Al-Zayed; S. Dhar, Subrata; Nomura, Shinsaku; Rahman, Muhammad Asahabur; Mukherjee, Hena
Education and skill development have played a crucial role in economic growth, poverty reduction and social transformation in Bangladesh, particularly the inclusion of women in the labor force in the last decade.
... Подробнее + Bangladesh has made impressive gains in improving access to education, reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of gender parity at the primary and secondary levels. Increased access to secondary education among girls over the past twenty years appears to have produced a powerful agent of social mobility as it is likely that many of the young girls who benefitted from the female stipends in the early 90s have now entered the labor market and may be enjoying higher earnings than older female cohorts. The widespread entry of women into the labor market has been a leading factor in the rapid expansion of the garment industry. With around USD 15 billion in export value in 2010, the readymade garment industry is currently Bangladesh's most important industry sector (McKinsey and Company 2011). In this context, a policy note on the skills development is being prepared to discuss the issues of the linkage between education and skills development and the labor market. The policy note, together with two other policy notes on access and equity, and quality of education, will be part of the Bangladesh Education Sector Review (ESR). The ESR is developed for diagnosing the current educational situation in Bangladesh and discusses different policy options for the way forward. The skills development policy note aims to assess the flow and stock of today's skills demands and supply, in the areas of formal and informal sector labor market, as well as the overseas labor market where a large number of Bangladesh seeks for employment opportunities. It also aims to discuss the skills required for Bangladesh to develop when achieving the status of the middle income country as stipulated in the vision 2021. As part of the skills policy note, the Enterprise-based Skills Survey (ESS) has been conducted. This background report documents the technical properties of the ESS and discusses the general results of the survey.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 81941 OCT 01, 2013
Nomura, Shinsaku; Hong, Seo Yeon; Nordman, Christophe Jalil; Remi Sarr, Leopold; Vawda, Ayesha Y.
Afghanistan's ability to enhance its human capital resources will determine the course of the nation's future economic, human and social development.
... Подробнее + Recognizing this, the Government of Afghanistan is committed to implementing policies aimed at getting children, particularly girls, into the education system. This paper aims to inform this process by investigating a variety of characteristics of children, such as their households, educational facilities, community factors, and spatial variables that are associated with education enrollment in urban and rural Afghanistan. This paper aims to investigate the factors underlying these low school enrollment figures and is structured as follows. Section one reviews previous research in this area. Section two provides a brief description the data and the methodology used in this analysis. In section three authors present the results which are then discussed in section four. In fact this study found that while the availability of appropriate schools is significantly correlated with primary and mid-school enrollment, they have a significant impact only on the enrollment of rural girls in high school. Right now, Afghanistan appears to be in a paradoxical situation: while education and better human capital needs to power economic growth, incomes need to expand to ease the constraints on education enrollment that are currently imposed by economic backwardness. To break out of this circle of constraints against enrollment, policy makers need to aggressively pursue policies that concentrate on easing the economic costs to households of children attending school, while enhancing the supply and quality of the facilities provided.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 80121 JUL 01, 2013
Auturupane, Harsha; Gunatilake, Ramani; Ebenezer, Roshini; Shojo, Mari
Education is universally recognized as one of the key determinants of socio-economic security and welfare. The link between education and increased individual earnings has been widely documented: there is a large body of cross-country evidence that education enhances the employability, productivity and income earning capacity of individuals.
... Подробнее + The impact of educational attainment on these various socio-economic indicators has been shown to vary by region, sub-region, gender, age, by income levels, and other variables. In this paper, we focus on the socio-economic impact of educational attainment in Afghanistan. Afghanistan presents a fairly unique context for examining the association between education and the socio-economic variable discussed above. It is a conflict-affected country, with strong and rich cultural and religious traditions. It also has some of the worst developmental indicators and in the world. Using data from the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA) survey of 2007/08, authors investigate the extent to which the educational attainment of men and women is associated with greater economic welfare and less likelihood of being poor. The analysis is divided into four parts: part one looks education and other factors associated with household economic welfare and the probability of being poor; part two focuses on the education and other factors associated with women's participation in the labor force; part three looks at the association of mother's education with health-related outcomes of children; and part four looks at the association between educational attainment of girls and women, and their perceptions of well-being. Afghanistan's education indicators are among the worst in the world and girls and rural communities are particularly disadvantaged.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 80122 JUL 01, 2013
Auturupane, Harsha; Gunatilake, Ramani; Ebenezer, Roshini; Shojo, Mari
Sri Lanka is a lower-middle income country with a per capita income of approximately US$ 2,400, and a population of around 20 million people. Sri Lanka's high rate of literacy is due to its sustained growth through the twentieth century.
... Подробнее + Primary education spans the first five grades of schooling, grades 1-5. Student's progress automatically to lower secondary education for four years of education in grades 6-9 and then on to upper secondary education in grades 10-11 for a two year course that culminates in the General Certificate of Education Ordinary level examination (GCE O-L). The curriculum for primary education is designed separately from those for subsequent stages of education. The primary education curriculum stage is encapsulated in a primary curriculum framework that derives from extensive debate during the 1990s in connection with the recommendations in 1997 of the national education commission, the work of the technical committee on primary education appointed by the presidential task force and detailed implementation work by the primary education unit of the national institute of education. Since 2003 the National Educational Research Centre (NEREC) based at the University of Colombo has administered tests in first Language, Mathematics and English to grade 4 children in a sample of schools country-wide. In the 2009 assessments a cut-off percentage of 80 percent rather than 50 percent were 48 percent in First Language, 53 percent in Mathematics and just 19 percent in English. The budget of the national Ministry of education includes a separate budget line for primary education but this money is allocated only to the primary sections of national schools. Province, zone, division and school budget do not separate allocations and expenditure for primary and secondary. There is no reason in principle why separate budget lines could not be created for most types of expenditure.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 80316 JUL 01, 2013
Most developing countries following independence opted for strong central control and direction of the education system, partly because of limited resources and the need to plan carefully and partly because of a felt need to create a sense of national unity among diverse ethnic and linguistic groups.
... Подробнее + This meant that key areas of control and decision making, such as management of resources and personnel, curriculum, evaluation of performance, and accountability, were under central rather than local control. The empowerment of schools has two major components: school-based management and the involvement of parents and communities in the work of schools. The emphasis given to one or other of these components depends on general national policy, local traditions, and context, with the result that almost every system is unique when one considers who makes decisions, the actual decisions that are made, the nature of those decisions, the level at which they are made, and relationships between levels. Thus, there are 'strong' and 'weak' versions of school empowerment. In some, only a single area of autonomy is granted to schools, while in others the community management of schools, even the establishment of schools, is encouraged (World Bank, 2007). In this paper, the author will briefly outline the history of school empowerment in Sri Lanka with particular reference to the Program for School Improvement (PSI), which commenced in 2006. The final section of the paper contains suggestions designed to strengthen process of empowering Sri Lankan schools and improving education outcomes.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 77759 MAY 01, 2013
The central and state governments of India have been pursuing several reforms in the higher education sector. In engineering education, the government has already embarked on several reforms within the current legislative framework.
... Подробнее + Given this dynamic momentum, the engineering education sector in India is expected to receive a significant boost over the next few years. It is therefore timely to take stock and review the position of the sector internationally. This study thus aims to provide the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), and relevant stakeholders with key facts, reliable data, and the results of relevant international comparisons to establish a common ground and to help in measuring the performance of the current engineering education system in India. The government also recognizes the importance of lessons that may be learned from the other Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, and China (BRIC) countries, and these countries were therefore selected for the comparison. This report is organized as follows: section one gives introduction; section two briefly discusses the background of both general higher education and engineering education in India. Section three reviews earlier comparative studies on international engineering education. Section four describes the scope of the study. Section five explains the methodology of data collection and identifies the data sources. Section six outlines the analysis of the collected data and the findings. Section seven presents conclusions. The appendixes describe the engineering education systems of the various countries examined in the study, the related challenges and opportunities, and the future policy goals in each country.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 78182 APR 01, 2013
Educational attainment in Pakistan has been historically low as compared to other countries in the region. Currently the primary net enrollment rate (NER) in Pakistan is sixty six percent which is far below that of some of the other countries in the region.
... Подробнее + It is also evident that there is great disparity within Pakistan, particularly in Balochistan which has a primary NER of fifty six percent as compared to the Punjab province which has a primary NER of seventy percent. This project examined various factors that influence enrollment decisions in Pakistan however; there have been relatively few recent studies that examine the determinants of schooling decisions and gender differentials in schooling in Balochistan. This analysis consists of three main components: (i) constructing profiles of children in Balochistan by schooling status; (ii) conducting a decomposition of variance of schooling status; and (iii) a logistic regression analysis to determine gender differentials in school enrollment. The project results suggest that for six - ten year olds in Balochistan the majority of variation in schooling status is explained between households rather than within households, while for eleven - fifteen year olds the majority of variation in schooling status is explained by within household differences. Poverty also plays a major role in determining whether or not a child is enrolled in school, as children belonging to the poorest wealth quintile in the six - ten age groups are four times more likely to be out of school than children in the richest wealth quintile.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 76115 MAR 01, 2013
This study reports the results of an impact evaluation of a pilot project implemented in 220 villages in Bajna block, Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh (MP), India.
... Подробнее + The 30-month pilot was designed to improve early childhood development outcomes through: (a) creating awareness on child development issues among households and the community; (b) strengthening linkages between different service providers; (c) intensifying the connection between the community, panchayat (local governments), and service providers; (d) facilitating the formation of Village Resource Groups (VRGs) with representatives of the community, panchayat, and service providers to ensure better convergence and coordination of service delivery; (e) developing integrated village-level action plans around the needs of the child; and (f) advocating and lobbying with local, district, and state administration for flexible allocation of resources. The evaluation assessed the impact of the project on health, education, and nutrition milestones or outcomes or outputs identified for each stage of child development. This report is structured as follows: chapter one gives background; chapter two presents evaluation of the results of the pilot project; chapter three presents progress in processes and identified outcomes or milestones; and chapter four deals with Bachpan-lessons learned.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 80892 MAR 01, 2013
Even though Sri Lanka is a fore-runner in many human development dimensions and aspects of gender equality amongst the South Asian countries, it is similar to other South Asian countries when it comes to women's participation in economic activities.
... Подробнее + Female labor force participation has not changed much in recent decades and remained stagnant at a rate around 30 to 35 percent of working age women. This rate is much lower than one would expect given the educational attainment of the female population in Sri Lanka. In order to encourage increased womens participation in economic activities, the first condition is to understand what is keeping them out of the scene. This paper analyzes the underlying reasons behind low participation rates of women in economic activities. It also investigates the employment outcomes, occupational choice, rates of returns, and skills set of economically active women in comparison with men to identify and understand the gaps. The findings have been used to suggest potential policies and programs that can help remove some of those barriers and encourage and enable women to become more economically active in the labor market.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 86532 JAN 01, 2013
This paper examines the population changes and the related causative factors, namely fertility, mortality and international migration in Sri Lanka.
... Подробнее + During the past decades, the total size, as well as the age and sex structure of the population, was exposed to irreversible changes. The age structure transition has produced a demographic bonus conducive for an economic takeoff. During this period, the proportion of people of working age (15-59) is larger than the fraction in the dependent age categories. The paper includes a sector analysis of the employed population in the agriculture, industry and service sectors to identify the growth sectors of the economy and to reveal the potential patterns and levels of utilization of the demographic bonus. Finally, the social safety net implications of the emerging population, such as the dependency burden, aging, disability and the disintegration of traditional family system in Sri Lanka are examined. Sri Lanka's population has grown to 20 million in 2010, an almost eight-fold increase since the census of 1871. The population doubled 54 years after the first census (1925), then again in 35 years (1960), as a result of the relatively high population growth rate. The 2001 census calculated a population 18.7 million. By 2003, the population was estimated to be 19.2 million, a third doubling in 43 years. By 2010, the population of Sri Lanka had passed the 20 million mark.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 74168 NOV 01, 2012
Sri Lanka has been going through a demographic transition triggered by decreasing fertility and increasing life expectancy. The demographic transition is marked by two stages.
... Подробнее + During the first stage, the drop in new births reduces the under-age dependency ratio, while the proportion of working age population expands. This reduction in dependency ratio due to declining fertility, frequently referred to as the demographic bonus, is associated with an increased pace of economic development due to the larger share of working age population relative to the total population, and the smaller pool of dependents that workers have to support. In the second stage of the demographic transition, the consistently low fertility rates in combination with increased life expectancy for the elderly, lead to the relative expansion of the old-age dependency ratio. As the demographic transition enters the second stage, the demographic bonus deteriorates. As Sri Lanka is going through a demographic transition, it is important to take stock of the ways labor income is produced and consumed by different age groups. Similarly, when a deficit or a gap between consumption and labor income emerges, it is important to know what type of expenditures drive it and how it is financed. This paper documents labor income and consumption patterns by age group in Sri Lanka, in a manner that is comparable to work carried out for other countries that participate in the National Transfer Accounts Project.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 74170 OCT 01, 2012
Sri Lanka's demographic transition has significantly shaped the age distribution of the labor force and created a large working age population (World Bank 2008).
... Подробнее + Changing cohort sizes of young and old workers not only affect their own labor market outcomes (job quality, earnings), but also potentially affect growth prospects in the economy. Recovering from a 30-year conflict in the North and the East, Sri Lanka aims to accelerate growth in the medium term by substantially increasing investments. What will be the role of the labor market in delivering this growth? The service sector is expanding and accounts for nearly 60 percent of the Growth Domestic Product (GDP) and almost 40 percent of employment. However, only 56 percent of the working age population is employed, a result of low participation and high unemployment rates among women and youth. Any growth strategy will have to bring in more working age people, particularly women, into economic activity. The paper is organized as follows. The two sections that follow present an overview of the supply and demand side of the labor market. The next section discusses the ways in which the demographic transition could shape the labor market, particularly in terms of unemployment and earnings. This discussion is followed by three sections examining labor force participation and unemployment, job type, and earnings respectively. The last section concludes with some policy recommendations.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 74171 OCT 01, 2012
The paper analyzes the labor market during 1992-2009, the wartime years, and uses the findings to help understand implications for the labor market as the economy grows and recovers from the conflict.
... Подробнее + The analysis is primarily based on annual Labor Force Survey (LFS) data collected by the Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) between 1992 and 2009. The paper excludes the North and East from the analysis because the labor market in these provinces was functioning in atypical times, and was affected severely by the security situation. The 2006 moving out of poverty study conducted in conflict areas noted large outmigration of the better off households and the reliance on those left behind on remittances (Center for Poverty Analysis 2006). The study also found that private sector investment had largely dwindled in these provinces, and the main source of jobs was public employment. Looking ahead, over the next 15 years, demand for workers in industry is likely to increase as rebuilding and recovery in the North and East proceeds. In addition, demand for highly skilled workers to meet the needs of the expanding services sector, particularly higher-end services, will also increase. Analyzing the empirical trends using the LFS, it is clear that increasing female labor force participation, addressing high youth unemployment and its causes, and addressing the negative aspects of certain labor market regulations will be key to meeting the needs of a growing economy. The paper is organized as follows. The two sections that follow present an overview of the supply and demand side of the labor market. The next section discusses the ways in which the demographic transition could shape the labor market, particularly in terms of unemployment and earnings. This discussion is followed by three sections examining labor force participation and unemployment, job type, and earnings respectively. The last section concludes with some policy recommendations.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 74169 OCT 01, 2012
Discrimination and stigma are constant companions in the life of the rainbow people. Apart from the demand for decriminalization, the main issues that confront the community are discrimination and violence, recognition of alternative family structures, adoption and property rights, and access to social security measures including identity documentation, welfare schemes, and education and health services.
... Подробнее + In order to establish a realistic plan for their inclusion into state provided services and liberties, it was important to understand what prevents them from doing so at this time, and to develop a carefully crafted roadmap for actions that the State, community and other stakeholders can program into their day-to-day work. Sexual minorities have fought a long battle against discrimination. Criminalization of Hijra and homosexuals took place during the colonial period and Lord Macaulay drafted the now infamous section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) according to the law, voluntary carnal intercourse against the order of nature could be punished by imprisonment. Laws such as section 377 have long been removed in most western democracies, although they persist in many post-colonial countries in Asia and Africa. In 2009, the Delhi High Court also read down the law, legalizing same sex consensual homosexual activities between adults. This judgment is unfortunately now challenged at the Supreme Court of India which is currently hearing the arguments of either side. The decriminalization of the community remains a fundamental issue which needs resolution if the community is to attain its rightful due. Continued advocacy on the part of the community and education of its people in the implications of the 2009 High Court judgment are important steps.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 71270 JUL 01, 2012
Human capital is the central determinant of economic well-being and social advancement in the modern global economy. The key characteristic that distinguishes between advanced economies, middle-income economies and low-income economies is the knowledge content of their economic activities and production processes.
... Подробнее + Industry, agriculture and especially services have become increasingly knowledge and skill intensive in recent years. Further, the dominance of knowledge and skills is increasing at an accelerating rate. Among advanced economies, for instance, the education levels of their populations is the single most important factor determining their economic performance [Hanushek and Welch (2006), Hanushek and Woessmann (2008)]. Among middle-income and low-income countries, too, economies that have high education attainment enjoy considerable welfare gains [Fasih (2008), Patrinos and Psacharopoulos (2011)]. Human resource development is particularly important for the economic development of small states [Martin and Bray (2011)]. Education also produces a variety of social benefits. These include healthier and better nourished families and children; the creation of the enlightened citizenry needed for a modern liberal democracy; and the promotion of social mobility [OECD (2012)]. This paper offers an overview of the general education system and the current status of access and participation in the Maldives. This is followed by a discussion of the economic and social benefits of investment in education. The paper concludes by discussing options to expand access and participation at education levels where the Maldives lags behind other comparable small island economies.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 68615 MAY 01, 2012
Increasing employment among youth and increasing the earnings and job-stability of youth is important for Pakistan. This study examines the labor market outcomes of graduates from training institutes run by Punjab Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA), the largest technical and vocational education and training provider in the province of Punjab, Pakistan.
... Подробнее + The study uses an SMS-based survey of 7,840 graduates from 2010. This is a promising and inexpensive method to assess the impact of education and training in developing countries. Using SMS is feasible, fast, and very low-cost, but it comes with a set of challenges, notably a low response rate. The author summarizes lessons for future SMS-administered surveys. For the labor market outcomes, we find that only 39 percent of graduates are employed post training with considerable variation in employment outcomes across trades, districts, gender, and schools. The author conclude that there is overall strong need for the improvement of quality and relevance of technical education and vocational training, and that some schools, trades, and districts are substantially better at linking to labor market demand than others.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 67432 MAR 01, 2012
Although the relationship between education spending and outcomes has been the topic of a fairly rich body of research at the primary and secondary levels and has been found fairly ambiguous it has been poorly documented at the tertiary level, despite ever rising expenditures at this level.
... Подробнее + This paper is exploring the impact of various measures of spending on a range of outcomes of tertiary education, using cross-country comparisons. It finds that public expenditures are only loosely linked with outcomes in terms of access and participation, but that they are positively associated with proxies of quality. Private expenditures appear to have no impact on either quantity or quality. This exploratory research shows very different patterns for the group of high-income countries and less developed countries. Data allowing, it also sheds a special light on the South Asia Region, where patterns largely echoes the situation of the low income countries.
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Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 67618 FEB 01, 2012
The quality of education is a major policy challenge facing the Maldives. The country achieved the first generation objective of providing universal access to basic education through rapid expansion of enrollment.
... Подробнее + As is frequently the case with such countries, the second generation challenge is to provide education of adequate quality. Evidence from a variety of sources shows that education quality in the Maldives is weak, and needs urgent improvement. Learning outcomes in both primary and secondary education are modest. National assessments of learning outcomes at Grade 4 and Grade 7 show that learning levels are unsatisfactory. The low average scores suggest that learning levels in both primary education and lower secondary education are weak. There are several dimensions of education quality which Maldivian policy makers consider to be of vital importance. Among these, the quality of school teachers is central to the improvement of education quality. Hence, the Ministry of Education (MOE) is concerned to develop the skills, motivation and performance of teachers. A second key policy initiative is the establishment of a sound quality assurance framework for the school system. The MOE has developed a quality assurance mechanism, which now needs to be pilot tested, refined and scaled up throughout the country. A third strategic policy initiative is the development of a system of regular national assessments of learning outcomes, which can then feed into policy formulation and program development. These three strategic policy initiatives are discussed in the subsequent sections of this report. Менее подробно –
Рабочие документы (нумерованная серия) 67918 FEB 01, 2012